English language learners tend to use English in ways stylistically similar to their first language, both when speaking and writing. That is why an effective language training program must include developing awareness of cultural norms of communication.
Learners must identify not only the stylistic norms in English communication, but in their native language as well, to develop awareness of what is and what is not, appropriate and effective. Identifying similarities and differences in stylistic norms will make you more aware of your errors in English.
The following are examples of styles contrasting with U.S. English:
| U.S. English
Linear Direct “Face” not important Abstract Procedural Concise |
Other Styles
Circular Indirect “Face” very important Concrete Relational Digressive |
It is important to remember that appropriate language use and cultural competence cannot be separated. Language training must include helping learners recognize both linguistically and culturally appropriate usage, and to be able to apply this knowledge when communicating.
Linguistically appropriate usage (ie, grammar) is easier to learn and usually taught explicitly. Culturally appropriate usage is more difficult to adopt and is rarely taught explicitly. Awareness is the first step in this process.